Features/Hallmarks of Neoplasia
Anaplasia:
- Hallmark of malignancy.
- Loss of differentiation.
- Distinction from Dysplasia:
Term | Condtion | Feature |
Anaplasia | Cancer | basement membrane broken |
Dysplasia | Precancer | basement membrane intact |
- Rate of Growth:
- Malignant tumors generally grow faster than benign.
Local Invasion:
- Second most reliable sign of malignancy.
- Spread of cancer cells within the local vicinity.
Metastasis:
- Spread of cancer cells to distant places.
- Most reliable sign of malignancy.
Cancers with only local invasion, no metastasis
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Gliomas
- Mnemonic:
- Local B&BÂ Barber shop
- Basal Cell Carcinoma and Brain Tumors
Pathways of Metastasis
Cancer Spread Pathways
Spread Pathway | Primary Route For | Exceptions / Key Examples |
1. Lymphatic Spread | Most carcinomas | Carcinomas with hematogenous spread: - Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) - Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) → Fibrolamellar type - Follicular Carcinoma Thyroid Mnemonic: Car → Bike → Bikil RC (RCC) bookum, Helmetum (HCC) illa, Phone (Follicular) upayogich → vere route edukkendi varum |
2. Hematogenous (Blood Vessel) Spread Veins >> Arteries | Most sarcomas | Sarcomas with lymphatic spread: - Rhabdomyosarcoma - Synovial Sarcoma Mnemonic: Sar (Sarcoma) sin (Synovial Sarcoma) cheyth → Rape (Rhabdo) cheyth |
3. Body Cavity Spread | ã…¤ | ã…¤ |
↳ Direct Seeding | Pseudomyxoma Peritonei | mucin-secreting appendix/ovarian cancer in peritoneal cavity |
↳ Transcoelomic Spread | Krukenberg Tumor Any mets coming to ovary (Retrograde lymphatic spread → new studies) | Stomach cancer → peritoneal cavity → ovary. Most common origin: stomach cancer. Others: colon, breast, pancreas. |
Bony Metastasis
Tumor Examples | Bony Reaction | Tumor Mnemonic |
Prostate | Osteoblastic | P (1) → BL(2) → IK Toilet (3) |
Breast, | Mixed (blastic & lytic) ↳ Osteolytic > osteoblastic | ㅤ |
Lung | Mixed | ㅤ |
Colon, Kidney, Thyroid | Osteolytic | ㅤ |
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